Aaron Kili A Linux Sysadmin's Guide to Network Management, **$ ifconfig** enp1s0 Link encap:Ethernet HWaddr 28:d2:44:eb:bd:98 inet addr:192.168.0.103 Bcast:192.168.0.255 Mask:255.255.255.0 inet6 addr: fe80::8f0c:7825:8057:5eec/64 Scope:Link UP BROADCAST RUNNING MULTICAST MTU:1500 Metric:1 RX packets:169854 errors:0 dropped:0 overruns:0 frame:0 TX packets:125995 errors:0 dropped:0 overruns:0 carrier:0 collisions:0 txqueuelen:1000 RX bytes:174146270 (174.1 MB) TX bytes:21062129 (21.0 MB) lo Link encap:Local Loopback inet addr:127.0.0.1 Mask:255.0.0.0 inet6 addr: ::1/128 Scope:Host UP LOOPBACK RUNNING MTU:65536 Metric:1 RX packets:15793 errors:0 dropped:0 overruns:0 frame:0 TX packets:15793 errors:0 dropped:0 overruns:0 carrier:0 collisions:0 txqueuelen:1 RX bytes:2898946 (2.8 MB) TX bytes:2898946 (2.8 MB) **$ ip addr show** 1: lo: mtu 65536 qdisc noqueue state UNKNOWN group default qlen 1 link/loopback 00:00:00:00:00:00 brd 00:00:00:00:00:00 inet 127.0.0.1/8 scope host lo valid_lft forever preferred_lft forever inet6 ::1/128 scope host valid_lft forever preferred_lft forever 2: enp1s0: mtu 1500 qdisc pfifo_fast state UP group default qlen 1000 link/ether 28:d2:44:eb:bd:98 brd ff:ff:ff:ff:ff:ff inet 192.168.0.103/24 brd 192.168.0.255 scope global dynamic enp1s0 valid_lft 5772sec preferred_lft 5772sec inet6 fe80::8f0c:7825:8057:5eec/64 scope link valid_lft forever preferred_lft forever 3: wlp2s0: mtu 1500 qdisc noop state DOWN group default qlen 1000 link/ether 38:b1:db:7c:78:c7 brd ff:ff:ff:ff:ff:ff ... To temporarily assign IP Address to a specific network interface (**eth0**), type. $ sudo ip addr add 192.168.56.1 dev eth0 To remove an assigned IP address from an network interface (**eth0**), type. $ sudo ip addr del 192.168.56.15/24 dev eth0 To show the current neighbour table in kernel, type. **$ ip neigh** 192.168.0.1 dev enp1s0 lladdr 10:fe:ed:3d:f3:82 REACHABLE 3. ifup, ifdown, and ifquery command **ifup** command actives a network interface, making it available to transfer and receive data. $ sudo ifup eth0 **ifdown** command disables a network interface, keeping it in a state where it cannot transfer or receive data. $ sudo ifdown eth0 **ifquery** command used to parse the network interface configuration, enabling you to receive answers to query about how it is currently configured. $ sudo ifquery eth0 4. Ethtool Command **ethtool** is a command line utility for querying and modifying network interface controller parameters and device drivers. The example below shows the usage of **ethtool** and a command to view the parameters for the network interface. 3/17 **$ sudo ethtool enp0s3** Settings for enp0s3: Supported ports: [ TP ] Supported link modes: 10baseT/Half 10baseT/Full 100baseT/Half 100baseT/Full 1000baseT/Full Supported pause frame use: No Supports auto-negotiation: Yes Advertised link modes: 10baseT/Half 10baseT/Full 100baseT/Half 100baseT/Full 1000baseT/Full Advertised pause frame use: No Advertised auto-negotiation: Yes Speed: 1000Mb/s Duplex: Full Port: Twisted Pair PHYAD: 0 Transceiver: internal Auto-negotiation: on MDI-X: off (auto) Supports Wake-on: umbg Wake-on: d Current message level: 0x00000007 (7) drv probe link Link detected: yes 5. Ping Command **$ ping -c 4 192.168.0.103** PING 192.168.0.103 (192.168.0.103) 56(84) bytes of data. 64 bytes from 192.168.0.103: icmp_seq=1 ttl=64 time=1.09 ms 64 bytes from 192.168.0.103: icmp_seq=2 ttl=64 time=0.157 ms 64 bytes from 192.168.0.103: icmp_seq=3 ttl=64 time=0.163 ms 64 bytes from 192.168.0.103: icmp_seq=4 ttl=64 time=0.190 ms --- 192.168.0.103 ping statistics --- 4 packets transmitted, 4 received, 0% packet loss, time 3029ms rtt min/avg/max/mdev = 0.157/0.402/1.098/0.402 ms 6. Traceroute Command **Traceroute** is a command line utility for tracing the full path from your local system to another network system. It prints number of hops (router IP's) in that path you travel to reach the end server. It is an easy-to-use network troubleshooting utility after ping command. In this example, we are tracing the route packets take from the local system to one of Google's servers with IP address **216.58.204.46**. 5/17 **$ traceroute 216.58.204.46** traceroute to 216.58.204.46 (216.58.204.46), 30 hops max, 60 byte packets 1 gateway (192.168.0.1) 0.487 ms 0.277 ms 0.269 ms 2 5.5.5.215 (5.5.5.215) 1.846 ms 1.631 ms 1.553 ms 3 * * * 4 72.14.194.226 (72.14.194.226) 3.762 ms 3.683 ms 3.577 ms 5 108.170.248.179 (108.170.248.179) 4.666 ms 108.170.248.162 (108.170.248.162) 4.869 ms 108.170.248.194 (108.170.248.194) 4.245 ms 6 72.14.235.133 (72.14.235.133) 72.443 ms 209.85.241.175 (209.85.241.175) 62.738 ms 72.14.235.133 (72.14.235.133) 65.809 ms 7 66.249.94.140 (66.249.94.140) 128.726 ms 127.506 ms 209.85.248.5 (209.85.248.5) 127.330 ms 8 74.125.251.181 (74.125.251.181) 127.219 ms 108.170.236.124 (108.170.236.124) 212.544 ms 74.125.251.181 (74.125.251.181) 127.249 ms 9 216.239.49.134 (216.239.49.134) 236.906 ms 209.85.242.80 (209.85.242.80) 254.810 ms 254.735 ms 10 209.85.251.138 (209.85.251.138) 252.002 ms 216.239.43.227 (216.239.43.227) 251.975 ms 209.85.242.80 (209.85.242.80) 236.343 ms 11 216.239.43.227 (216.239.43.227) 251.452 ms 72.14.234.8 (72.14.234.8) 279.650 ms 277.492 ms 12 209.85.250.9 (209.85.250.9) 274.521 ms 274.450 ms 209.85.253.249 (209.85.253.249) 270.558 ms 13 209.85.250.9 (209.85.250.9) 269.147 ms 209.85.254.244 (209.85.254.244) 347.046 ms 209.85.250.9 (209.85.250.9) 285.265 ms 14 64.233.175.112 (64.233.175.112) 344.852 ms 216.239.57.236 (216.239.57.236) 343.786 ms 64.233.175.112 (64.233.175.112) 345.273 ms 15 108.170.246.129 (108.170.246.129) 345.054 ms 345.342 ms 64.233.175.112 (64.233.175.112) 343.706 ms 16 108.170.238.119 (108.170.238.119) 345.610 ms 108.170.246.161 (108.170.246.161) 344.726 ms 108.170.238.117 (108.170.238.117) 345.536 ms 17 lhr25s12-in-f46.1e100.net (216.58.204.46) 345.382 ms 345.031 ms 344.884 ms 7. MTR Network Diagnostic Tool tecmint.com (0.0.0.0) Thu Jul 12 08:58:27 2018 First TTL: 1 Host Loss% Snt Last Avg Best Wrst StDev 1. 192.168.0.1 0.0% 41 0.5 0.6 0.4 1.7 0.2 2. 5.5.5.215 0.0% 40 1.9 1.5 0.8 7.3 1.0 3. 209.snat-111-91-120.hns.net.in 23.1% 40 1.9 2.7 1.7 10.5 1.6 4. 72.14.194.226 0.0% 40 89.1 5.2 2.2 89.1 13.7 5. 108.170.248.193 0.0% 40 3.0 4.1 2.4 52.4 7.8 6. 108.170.237.43 0.0% 40 2.9 5.3 2.5 94.1 14.4 7. bom07s10-in-f174.1e100.net 0.0% 40 2.6 6.7 2.3 79.7 16. You can limit the number of **pings** to a specific value and exit **mtr** after those pings, using 9. Nmcli Command tcp 0 0 0.0.0.0:21 0.0.0.0:* LISTEN 1064/pure- ftpd (SER tcp 0 0 0.0.0.0:22 0.0.0.0:* LISTEN 972/sshd tcp 0 0 127.0.0.1:631 0.0.0.0:* LISTEN 975/cupsd tcp 0 0 0.0.0.0:25 0.0.0.0:* LISTEN 1257/master tcp 0 0 0.0.0.0:8090 0.0.0.0:* LISTEN 636/lscpd (lscpd - tcp 0 0 0.0.0.0:993 0.0.0.0:* LISTEN 1015/dovecot tcp 0 0 0.0.0.0:995 0.0.0.0:* LISTEN 1015/dovecot tcp6 0 0 :::3306 :::* LISTEN 1053/mysqld tcp6 0 0 :::3307 :::* LISTEN 1211/mysqld tcp6 0 0 :::587 :::* LISTEN 1257/master tcp6 0 0 :::110 :::* LISTEN 1015/dovecot tcp6 0 0 :::143 :::* LISTEN 1015/dovecot tcp6 0 0 :::111 :::* LISTEN 1/systemd tcp6 0 0 :::80 :::* LISTEN 990/httpd tcp6 0 0 :::465 :::* LISTEN 1257/master tcp6 0 0 :::53 :::* LISTEN 1404/pdns_server tcp6 0 0 :::21 :::* LISTEN 1064/pure- ftpd (SER tcp6 0 0 :::22 :::* LISTEN 972/sshd tcp6 0 0 ::1:631 :::* LISTEN 975/cupsd tcp6 0 0 :::25 :::* LISTEN 1257/master tcp6 0 0 :::993 :::* LISTEN 1015/dovecot tcp6 0 0 :::995 :::* LISTEN 1015/dovecot **ss** (**socket statistics**) is a powerful command line utility to investigate sockets. It dumps socket statistics and displays information similar to **netstat**. In addition, it shows more TCP and state information compared to other similar utilities. The following example show how to list all **TCP** ports (**sockets**) that are open on a server. **$ ss -ta** State Recv-Q Send-Q Local Address:Port Peer Address:Port LISTEN 0 100 *:submission *:* LISTEN 0 128 127.0.0.1:fmpro- internal *:* LISTEN 0 100 *:pop3 *:* LISTEN 0 100 *:imap *:* LISTEN 0 128 *:sunrpc *:* LISTEN 0 100 *:urd *:* LISTEN 0 128 *:domain *:* LISTEN 0 9 *:ftp *:* LISTEN 0 128 *:ssh *:* LISTEN 0 128 127.0.0.1:ipp *:* LISTEN 0 100 *:smtp *:* LISTEN 0 128 *:8090 *:* LISTEN 0 100 *:imaps *:* LISTEN 0 100 *:pop3s *:* ESTAB 0 0 192.168.0.104:ssh 192.168.0.103:36398 ESTAB 0 0 127.0.0.1:34642 127.0.0.1:opsession-prxy ESTAB 0 0 127.0.0.1:34638 127.0.0.1:opsession-prxy ESTAB 0 0 127.0.0.1:34644 127.0.0.1:opsession-prxy ESTAB 0 0 127.0.0.1:34640 127.0.0.1:opsession-prxy LISTEN 0 80 :::mysql :::* ... 10/17 To display all active **TCP** connections together with their timers, run the following command. $ ss -to 12 NC Command **$ nmap 192.168.0.103** Starting Nmap 6.40 ( http:%%//%%nmap.org ) at 2018-07-12 09:24 BST Nmap scan report for 192.168.0.103 Host is up (0.000051s latency). Not shown: 994 closed ports PORT STATE SERVICE 22/tcp open ssh 25/tcp open smtp 902/tcp open iss-realsecure 4242/tcp open vrml-multi-use 5900/tcp open vnc 8080/tcp open http-proxy MAC Address: 28:D2:44:EB:BD:98 (Lcfc(hefei) Electronics Technology Co.) Nmap done: 1 IP address (1 host up) scanned in 0.13 seconds Read our following useful articles on nmap command. DNS Lookup Utilities 14. host Command ; <<>> DiG 9.9.4-RedHat-9.9.4-51.el7 <<>> google.com ;; global options: +cmd ;; Got answer: ;; ->>HEADER<<- opcode: QUERY, status: NOERROR, id: 23083 ;; flags: qr rd ra; QUERY: 1, ANSWER: 1, AUTHORITY: 13, ADDITIONAL: 14 ;; OPT PSEUDOSECTION: ; EDNS: version: 0, flags:; udp: 4096 ;; QUESTION SECTION: ;google.com. IN A ;; ANSWER SECTION: google.com. 72 IN A 172.217.166.78 ;; AUTHORITY SECTION: com. 13482 IN NS c.gtld-servers.net. com. 13482 IN NS d.gtld-servers.net. com. 13482 IN NS e.gtld-servers.net. com. 13482 IN NS f.gtld-servers.net. com. 13482 IN NS g.gtld-servers.net. com. 13482 IN NS h.gtld-servers.net. com. 13482 IN NS i.gtld-servers.net. com. 13482 IN NS j.gtld-servers.net. com. 13482 IN NS k.gtld-servers.net. com. 13482 IN NS l.gtld-servers.net. com. 13482 IN NS m.gtld-servers.net. com. 13482 IN NS a.gtld-servers.net. com. 13482 IN NS b.gtld-servers.net. ;; ADDITIONAL SECTION: a.gtld-servers.net. 81883 IN A 192.5.6.30 b.gtld-servers.net. 3999 IN A 192.33.14.30 c.gtld-servers.net. 14876 IN A 192.26.92.30 d.gtld-servers.net. 85172 IN A 192.31.80.30 e.gtld-servers.net. 95861 IN A 192.12.94.30 f.gtld-servers.net. 78471 IN A 192.35.51.30 g.gtld-servers.net. 5217 IN A 192.42.93.30 h.gtld-servers.net. 111531 IN A 192.54.112.30 i.gtld-servers.net. 93017 IN A 192.43.172.30 j.gtld-servers.net. 93542 IN A 192.48.79.30 k.gtld-servers.net. 107218 IN A 192.52.178.30 l.gtld-servers.net. 6280 IN A 192.41.162.30 m.gtld-servers.net. 2689 IN A 192.55.83.30 ;; Query time: 4 msec ;; SERVER: 192.168.0.1#53(192.168.0.1) ;; WHEN: Thu Jul 12 09:30:57 BST 2018 ;; MSG SIZE rcvd: 487 16. NSLookup Command 13/17 Nslookup is also a popular command line utility to query DNS servers both interactively and non-interactively. It is used to query DNS resource records (RR). You can find out "A" record (IP address) of a domain as shown. You can also perform a reverse domain lookup as shown. **$ nslookup 216.58.208.174** Server: 192.168.0.1 Address: 192.168.0.1#53 Non-authoritative answer: 174.208.58.216.in-addr.arpa name = lhr25s09-in-f14.1e100.net. 174.208.58.216.in-addr.arpa name = lhr25s09-in-f174.1e100.net. Authoritative answers can be found from: in-addr.arpa nameserver = e.in-addr-servers.arpa. in-addr.arpa nameserver = f.in-addr-servers.arpa. in-addr.arpa nameserver = a.in-addr-servers.arpa. in-addr.arpa nameserver = b.in-addr-servers.arpa. in-addr.arpa nameserver = c.in-addr-servers.arpa. in-addr.arpa nameserver = d.in-addr-servers.arpa. a.in-addr-servers.arpa internet address = 199.180.182.53 b.in-addr-servers.arpa internet address = 199.253.183.183 c.in-addr-servers.arpa internet address = 196.216.169.10 d.in-addr-servers.arpa internet address = 200.10.60.53 e.in-addr-servers.arpa internet address = 203.119.86.101 f.in-addr-servers.arpa internet address = 193.0.9.1 Linux Network Packet Analyzers 17. Tcpdump Command **$ tcpdump -i eth1** tcpdump: verbose output suppressed, use -v or -vv for full protocol decode listening on enp0s3, link-type EN10MB (Ethernet), capture size 262144 bytes 09:35:40.287439 IP tecmint.com.ssh > 192.168.0.103.36398: Flags [P.], seq 4152360356:4152360552, ack 306922699, win 270, options [nop,nop,TS val 2211778668 ecr 2019055], length 196 09:35:40.287655 IP 192.168.0.103.36398 > tecmint.com.ssh: Flags [.], ack 196, win 5202, options [nop,nop,TS val 2019058 ecr 2211778668], length 0 09:35:40.288269 IP tecmint.com.54899 > gateway.domain: 43760+ PTR? 103.0.168.192.in- addr.arpa. (44) 09:35:40.333763 IP gateway.domain > tecmint.com.54899: 43760 NXDomain* 0/1/0 (94) 09:35:40.335311 IP tecmint.com.52036 > gateway.domain: 44289+ PTR? 1.0.168.192.in- addr.arpa. (42) iptables is a command line tool for configuring, maintaining, and inspecting the tables IP packet filtering and NAT ruleset. It it used to set up and manage the Linux firewall (Netfilter). It allows you to list existing packet filter rules; add or delete or modify packet filter rules; list per-rule counters of the packet filter rules. You can learn how to use **Iptables** for various purposes from our simple yet comprehensive guides. 21. Firewalld You can share your thoughts about this guide via the comment form below. If we have missed any frequently used and important Linux networking tools/utilities or any useful related information, also let us know. 17/17